Monday, December 30, 2019

The Origin Of Life And Evolution - 1744 Words

The integration of reason and thought with the methodology of science in most human activities has enabled a great deal of scientific and technological advancements for humanity in the last centuries. On the contrary, even though it is nearly 150 years since the Origin of Species (Charles Darwin, 1859), it seems paradoxical that there are still a great significant amount of people who maintain an anti-darwian position on the origin of life and species. A poll done by Gallup Institute in 2004 showed that an approximate of 42% of Americans believe that humanity was created by God, 18% believe in an evolution directed by God, and only 26% of them support Darwin’s theory. In Great Britain, a survey performed by BBC to a 2000 people sample†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Origin of the Species† meant a drastic change to the participation of the Creator in the history of life. In his work â€Å"Natural Theology,† William Paley exposes his famous watchmaker anal ogy, which concludes that functional design of the living organisms was evidenced by the existence of an omniscient creator. Natural theology was considered the answer to questions about the genesis and the adaption of the species. The majority of naturalists at the time of Darwin accepted the explanation as well due to the complexity of the structures of organisms. Darwin, with the Origin, opens the naturalistic view of biology. Darwin s natural selection stage introduces the Blind Watchmaker (Dawkins, 1986), which makes the hypothesis of God unnecessary. The evolution of life, like the Copernican revolution, had demonstrated to the universe does not require the intervention of God, but it is clarified that natural phenomena can occur from the laws and processes that occur in nature. The process of natural selection can explain the nature of biological organisms without the need to propose a supernatural intervention. Population thinking, speciation, natural selection, are concepts that explain the origin, diversification and adaptation of living beings. Darwin rejects the creation of life, the cosmic teleology, and

Saturday, December 21, 2019

The Development Of Piaget And Vygotsky And Evaluate Their...

Psychology Essay 1 I will be describing and evaluating cognitive development in children, using the contributions of Piaget and Vygotsky and assess their value for social work. I will be outlining the main ideas that they have discovered through their theories and how they are implemented in everyday life with a case study. I will also be explaining how they are implemented within social work. I will finish by summarizing the main points and coming up with a conclusion. Cognitive development is the childs brain process of how they learn to develop physically (sit up, stand etc.) as well as speech in early years, through to problem solving, thought processes and learning as the child grows and develops. There have been many theorists throughout history that have given their own unique explanation of why and how children develop mentally and physically. I will be analyzing the theories of Piaget and Vygotsky. Jean Piaget believed in the maturist theory and that in certain times of a childs life, they develop, normally at around eighteen months, seven years and eleven to twelve years. It believes that children are organism’s (Piaget referred to them specifically as â€Å"little scientists†) that grow at the same speed and are continually developing, therefore, are only able to learn as they are physically, mentally and biologically able, building up the amount of information their body and mind can process as they get older. A five year old can only read a few words, so wouldShow MoreRelatedThe Theories Of Piaget And Vygotsky2305 Words   |  10 PagesCritically evaluate the theories of Piaget and Vygotsky in explaining children’s learning and development Learning and development is a major aspect of everyone and their day to day lives. Some people consider the term learning to have two definitions, these are informative learning which allows people to learn what fits their mental models and transformative learning which is the process of changing these mental models (Heorhiadi et al, 2014). There are two main theorists Jean Piaget and Lev VygotskyRead More The Constraints on Adolescent Learning Essay3088 Words   |  13 PagesPersonalities, social skills and intellectual development are only some of the key factors that effect how pupils learn and achieve differently to one another. Every child responds individually to their specific needs and environment, and the extent of that achievement can be often be linked with external factors as pupils are naturally influenced by a variety of different constraints. These factors that are not concrete and will change and alter throughout an adolescent’s development, as Piaget (Piaget 1970)Read MoreApplying Learning Theories3548 Words   |  15 Pagesexisting, separate and independent of the knower; and this knowledge should be considered true only if it reflects that independent world. In contrast, the constructivist view argues that knowledge and reality do not have an objective or absolute value or, at the least, that there is no way of knowing this reality. John Watsons 1913 Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It proposed abandoning Instrospectionist attempts to make consciousness a subject of experimental investigation focusing insteadRead MoreObservation Essay3348 Words   |  14 Pagesone child’s development based on a series of observations you have made. In addition to informing your own understanding of development and learning, you can also consider how your findings can help you to identify ways of supporting the child’s development. Abstract This report will look at Observations within a Haringey Early Years setting and on one Child. I will make five various observations over a period of time. I will examine the observations through elements of her development and learning’sRead MoreA Social Perspective On Child Development1304 Words   |  6 Pagesto realize and accept the physical, emotional, cognitive, social and educational growth a child goes through from the time they were born throughout their early adulthood. Engagement in the social and physical world pushes their development forward. Child development can be seen as a social constructivism, (development becomes determined by culture), and there can be many different reasons for this. Reasons which are comparable to social constructivism. However, above all the culture and surroundingsRead MoreThe Importance Of My Professional Development As A Teacher943 Words   |  4 PagesThis assignment will critically analyse and reflect on the poster, highlighting on the five relevant roles of my professional development as a teacher. It will further provide me with a framework in which the context of the poster (Appendix1) can set relevance, on how these roles can be experienced within the classroom environment of teaching and learning by linking different theories and strategies into practice. The theme of this poster reflects on the Plato’s theory of â€Å"Allegory of the cave†Read MoreLifespan Developmental Psychology: An Overview4022 Words   |  16 PagesDevelopmental Psychology An Overview Development is process which starts from the moment the child is conceived by his mother. And it doesnt stops when the childhood ends. As a matter of fact, it continues till death. This development gives a shape to our socio-economic, cognitive and biological needs and views. Behaviors and actions of an individual are part of socio-emotional development that a person reflects while performing an activity. Lifespan development theory is basically an amalgamationRead MoreThe Importance Of Teaching And Learning Processes1867 Words   |  8 Pagesfacilitated in professional forums. Through discussion and critical evaluation, educators are then able to ensure that various learning processes are understood and best teaching practices are implemented (Comber Hill, 2000). It is therefore vital to evaluate reading and writing approaches critically and to determine their relationship with curriculum and policy. By doing so, educators can ensure that teaching is relevant, contemporary and eff ective (Shepard, 2008). It is similarly important to have anRead MoreResearch Evidence For The Big 5 Personality Traits3250 Words   |  13 PagesSection A 1. Evaluate the research evidence for the Big-5 personality traits. A universal definition of ‘personality’ has to this day remained a struggle to conclude. The concept of ‘personality’ is so wide that it is difficult to conceptualise succinctly (Maltby, Day, Macaskill, 2007), and so variation between different personality psychologists and theorists will occur. The known ‘father’ of personality psychology describes personality as â€Å"a dynamic organisation, inside the person, of psychophysicalRead MoreThe Theories Of Cognitive Development On The Curriculum And Instructional Strategies Used Within The Targeted Instructional Setting2170 Words   |  9 Pagesinstructional setting that is the foundation for the discussion that follows. Then this paper will present the implications of several theories of cognitive development on the curriculum and instructional strategies used within the targeted instructional setting. These include the cognitive development theories of Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky, among oth ers. Based on these theories, two recommended adjustments to the curriculum content for the targeted instructional setting will be presented along

Friday, December 13, 2019

Western And Traditional Healing Africa Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Traditional therapists have a important function to play constructing the wellness system in Africa. This paper aims to compare the usage of western medical specialty and traditional medical specialty. The paper aims to place similarities and differences between western and African constructs of diseases, remedy and effectual patient attention. We will write a custom essay sample on Western And Traditional Healing Africa Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now It argues for the ordinance of traditional therapists and traditional medical specialty, every bit good as for the application of human rights rules within the traditional healing profession. The usage of western and traditional medical specialty depends on many factors such as the handiness of financess to entree the drugs. It besides depends on an person ‘s beliefs and civilization. Most African people rely fundamentally on traditional medical specialty on about all their unwellnesss chiefly because they trust its utilizations and they are so doubting to utilize western medical specialty chiefly because they do non swear it. This paper concludes with schemes by WHO to harmonize the two groups of practicians but it will take a piece before the groups agree on working together. In this paper a comparing of Western medical specialties and African traditional medical specialties shall be made. The intent of this paper is to place similarities and differences between Western and African constructs of diseases, remedy and effectual patient attention. Harmonizing to Germov ( 2007, p. 8 ) Western Medicine is â€Å" the conventional attack to medicate in western societies, based on the diagnosing and account of unwellness as a mulfunction of the organic structure ‘s biological mechanisms. † It encompasses a scope of wellness attention patterns evolved to keep and reconstruct wellness by the bar and intervention of unwellness Hewson ( 1998 ) . WHO defines Traditional medical specialty as â€Å" the sum sum of cognition, accomplishments and patterns based on theories, beliefs and experiences autochthonal to different civilizations that are used to keep wellness, every bit good as to forestall, name, better or handle physical and mental unwellnesss † . Traditional medical specialty that has been adopted by other populations outside its ain civilization is frequently termed alternate or complementary medical specialty ( WHO, 2008 ) . Helwig ( 2005 ) claimed that primary therapists in traditional African medical specialty are accoucheuses, herb doctor and diviners. Diviners focus on the root causes of illness by the hereditary liquors ( Helwig, 2005 ) . Midwifes use herbs and local workss to help with gestation and childbearing ( Helwig, 20005 ) . Herbalists use carnal, workss and mineral based medical specialties to bring around diseases ( Helwig, 2005 ) . Herb market and herb trading is a really common pattern in many African states ( Helwig, 2005 ) . Harmonizing to Okpako ( 2006 ) traditional African communities have three chief groups of workss they use to bring around serious unwellnesss, toxicant workss and workss for minor unwellnesss. Plants used for minor unwellnesss treat unwellnesss such as concerns ; contusions and hurting febrility are used without audience of religious therapists ( Okpako, 2006 ) . Plants used for serious unwellnesss are used when covering with life endangering unwellnesss and need the intercession of religious therapists, what the patient gets is holistic intervention ( Okpako, 2006 ) . Okpako ( 2006 ) stated that as for the toxicant workss, many African communities recognise it merely from experience with it or from inadvertent toxic condition. Okpako ( 2006 ) claimed that in most African states, many people western medical specialties are out of their range as they do non hold money to purchase the drugs and so they resort to traditional medical specialty is it inexpensive. Traditional African medical specialty is based on accrued experience of antediluvian Africans ( Okpako, 2006 ) . Traditional African medical specialty ‘s manner of transmittal is spread by word of oral cavity and has hindered exigency of a by and large accepted theory and hence of the systematic development of traditional African medical specialty as a self-acting profession ( Okpako, 2006 ) . Traditional African medical specialty practicians are therapists who believe that their methods can bring around many conditions including malignant neoplastic disease, AIDS, mental jobs, sterility, some sexually transmitted diseases, lesions and Burnss every bit good as many other complaints and conditions ( Helwig, 2005 ) Good wellness is linked to a right relationship between people and their supernatural environment ( Helwig, 2005 ) . Harmonizing to Helwig ( 2005 ) among the traditional therapists, being able to name an unwellness is considered a gift from both God and the ascendants. Helwig claimed that â€Å" a major accent is placed on finding the root cause underlying any illness or bad fortune † . Illness is said to stem from deficiency of balance between the patient and his or her environment, ( Helwig, 2005 ) Diviners may utilize workss non merely for mending intents but besides to command conditions and events, ( Helwig, 2005 ) . Helwig ( 2005 ) stated that â€Å" in add-on to workss, traditional African therapists may use appeals, conjurations and casting of enchantments † . They are besides skilled in psychotherapeutics and guidance ( Helwig, 2005 ) . African mending systems recognise the influence of the head on the human well being ( Helwig, 2005 ) . They recognise the negative emotions such as fright, guilt and hatred can take to illness ( Helwig, 2005 ) . Rituals are undertaken to pacify the enraged hereditary liquors, patients need to do confessions in order for the liquors to forgive them and be good ( Helwig, 2005 ) . The rites attach toing the usage of herbal medical specialty is referred to as â€Å" conjuration † . Incantation is a aggregation of carefully chosen words used to convey mending consequence or deciding emotional struggle in the head of the patient ( Helwig, 2005 ) . Liquors of the ascendants protect their life posterities, nevertheless ascendants demand from their descendent ‘s rigorous attachment to the moral Torahs laid down ( Helwig, 2005 ) . An immoral act for illustration incest is believed to rag the liquors ensuing in serious unwellness or bad luck ( Helwig, 2005 ) . Harmonizing to WHO, 80 % of the African population depends on traditional medical specialty for primary wellness attention. In Ghana, Mali, Nigeria and Zambia, 60 % of kids with high febrility ensuing from malaria usage herbal medical specialty at place. Lovell ( 2009 ) claimed that persons enduring from hurting, anxiousness, depression, concerns and weariness usage alternate medical specialty. WHO estimates that several African states pattern traditional birth with the aid of traditional accoucheuses who uses autochthonal workss to help childbearing. WHO ( 2008 ) claimed that 70 % to 80 % of the population in western states has used some signifier of alternate or complementary medical specialty for illustration stylostixis. As noted by Germov ( 2007 ) there are varied grounds why alternate medical specialty is so popular at the disbursal of western medical specialty. When people get ill they need to cognize the causes of the unwellness, enduring or even decease ( Germov, 2007 ) . In Western medical specialty, the traditional position that unwellness was caused by religious immorality is no longer valid. Alternate medical specialty that have an account to causes of unwellnesss and enduring have a greater entreaty ( Germov, 2007 ) . The desire to accomplish a more holistic signifier of attention may be a motivative factor as to why patients choose traditional medical specialty ( Lovell, 2009 ) . In most African states, drugs are out of range to many people as they do non hold the money to purchase them. The lone solution available is to fall back to traditional medical specialty as it is inexpensive and dependable ( Okpako, 2006 ) . Most African people are so disbelieving to seek western medical specialty. The chief ground is that they are afraid to seek something new and prefer to go on utilizing their old manner of seeking medical aid that is the usage of traditional medical specialty ( Okpako, 2006 ) . As stated by Germov ( 2007 ) people have lost trust in western medical specialty. Many toxins found in the drugs have drove people off from the usage of it. Peoples have besides lost trust in scientific experts, they blame them on about all the environmental jobs such as planetary heating, oil spills and even acerb rain ( Germov, 2007 ) . Germov ( 2007 ) claimed that there is a good relationship between ‘personal ‘ therapist and patient. Personal therapists take their clip to listen and supply seamster made intervention to the single client. By so making they create a strong bond which can take up to swear and trueness. Wilcox A ; Bodeker ( 2004 ) reported that in most African states the rise in drug oppositions and jobs in accessing effectual anti -malarial drugs in both distant and underprivileged countries has forced people to fall back to traditional medical specialty as their beginning of intervention. As noted by Marlise ( 2004 ) clash is apparent between western medical specialties that look at stuff causing to understand and handle an unwellness and traditional medical specialty that by and large looks towards the religious beginning such as witchery and displeasure by ascendants in order to bring around an complaint. Harmonizing to Marlise ( 2004 ) there has been media studies of traditional therapists claiming to hold a remedy for AIDS and subject their patients to unsafe or uneffective interventions. Marlise ( 2004 ) stated that amongst some people in Africa, it is believed that if a ill individual does non acquire intervention and dies, his or her spirit will do more diseases. Harmonizing to Marlise ( 2004 ) a figure of traditional therapists have seen a moneymaking chance of bring arounding people populating with HIV/AIDS in the absence of biomedicine and a figure of developing states do non hold entree to anti-retroviral medicine or equal wellness attention to those populating with HIV/AIDS. The WHO describes the jobs related to clinical informations on traditional medical specialty as steming from the hapless quality of informations and besides the methodological analysis used as being below the stipulated criterion. WHO ( 2008 ) claimed that traditional therapists need to advance both their published and unpublished informations inorder for them to derive support from the whole universe. Lovell ( 2009 ) stated that the spread between western medical specialty and traditional medical specialty practicians is increasing. As stated by Lovell, â€Å" traditional therapists do non believe that their patterns are guaranteed worldwide and their statement is that the efficaciousness of their merchandise has stood the trial of clip † . All in all the usage of western and African traditional medical specialty depends on an person ‘s beliefs and civilization. It besides depends on the handiness of financess to seek intervention. In Africa most people can non afford to beginning western medical specialty chiefly because it is really expensive and so they resort to their traditional medicine chiefly because it is cheaper. Precautions need to be taken carefully as there are a batch of side effects associated with the continued usage of traditional medical specialty. Some of the side effects might take to paroxysms or even decease. How to cite Western And Traditional Healing Africa Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Critical Analysis Of Leadership and Transformational Change - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Critical Analysis Of Leadership and Transformational Change. Answer: Introduction The CEOs are very important in determining the progress of the company. This means that they ought to have diverse and intense skills of leadership since they deal with employees and clients of different backgrounds. However, the CEO position is quite challenging, and this necessitates a series of dismissals which cost a company billions of dollars if a CEO is not effective. It is also discouraging for the directors who put more efforts in scrutinizing candidates to anoint the appropriate CEOs in their companies. Therefore, the position requires one to be focused on achieving a lot of success and maximizing profits. The big companies in Australia for example, have been able to attain the topmost position in the country and the world at large because of the good leadership got from their leading CEOs. This paper features the CEOs of Wesfarmers, Amcor Limited and Billiton Group namely; Richard Goyder, Ken Mackenzie and Andrew Mackenzie respectively, as some of the largest companies in Australia and their leadership styles and how they have impacted on the progress of the company. Aim This report aims to analyze the leadership of three Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) of Australian companies to assess their leadership theories and how leader performance can be improved to enhance organizational performance. This report will compare and contrast the leadership approaches of three Australian CEOs and identify how each leader's approach has influenced the organizational output and analyze the challenge faced by one of the CEOs. An effective leader should understand the organization and its structure to identify the opportunities available for exploitation and initiate proper directions and inspiration. This requires a leader to have a professional background which includes education and work experience. Selecting And Assessing The Ceos The CEOs. The three CEOs selected for this analysis include: Richard Goyder Wesfarmers Australia, 1993 having worked in several commercial roles. He was the General Manager for three years before being elected as the Managing Director in 1999. He became the firms Chief Financial Officer in 2004 and assumed the position of Chief Executive Officer in June 2005. He was a leader who believed that the future of the company should be far much better than the current state and directed his efforts in making things work more easily. Ken Mackenzie - Amcor Limited - 2002 as the Deputy Managing Director. In 2005, he assumed the CEOs position whereby he was keen to ensure that every occurrence would not just happen and disappear but rather he would learn great lessons to help him advance his ways of handling situations in future. Andrew Mackenzie - Billiton Group - 1983 as vice president. In 2003, he joined Rio Tinto as the Financial Manager of the industrial minerals division until in 2007 when he became the CEO succeeding Marius Kloppers. He had expert communication skills that enabled him to appear mostly in the news media, and this helped him advertise his company to a great extent making his clients attain more confidence in the company and the products. Ways Each Leader Conceptualizes Success through Their Leadership Wesfarmers is one of the biggest companies whose CEO is Richard Goyder and whose leadership landed the company many miles ahead than anyone would ever imagine. Under his leadership, the company was transmuted into a diverse organization from a relatively small farmers co-operative standing in the top 50 companies in Australia in a span of 10 years. The company had a market share of around $26 million when Richard took over the leadership mantle in 2003. The company rose up to past one billion dollar market share before he stepped down making it among the largest private companies employing more than 300,000 people. This was a significant move in the company under his leadership which made him become a great and prominent CEO whose legacy would be remembered and felt for generations to come. His financial goals were far much ahead of his years, and his business mentality was quite excellent. Ken Mackenzie as the CEO of Amcor Limited from 2005 has extensive experience both in the executive and global leadership due to his deeply strategic approach. This company is a packaging company has operations in over 40 countries. The 23 years of career in the packaging company gave him extensive experience regarding all the business segments of the Amcor in all the emerging and developed markets in Asia, Europe, America, and Australia. He has initiated packaging sustainability and led the board in informing the entire market about the sustainability of packaging. This has been done through various means including participation in the industry forums like the Sustainable Packaging Coalition. Working with the suppliers and customers also ensures that the packaging sustainability has been considered from design to end-of-life. Through his leadership skills, he has ensured the safety of the workplace which forms one of the greatest concerns for the employees. The CEO gears towards achi eving a workplace of zero injuries. Occasionally, some incidents of serious injuries may be experienced in the workplace which makes the CEO to take the initiative to learn from the incident and initiate proper measures to ensure that a similar case ceases to occur. Andrew Mackenzie has been the CEO of the Billiton Group for the last five years which made him become an expertise in the complex corporate and risk management, advisory work and solving disputes. He was involved in the trusted advisor with the clients from Australia globally. He possesses industry knowledge and technical excellence. This has enabled him to work closely with customers on some complex and significant criminal investigations and civil disputes in Australia mostly in resources and energy, telecommunications and financial sectors. Based on the previous pattern of leadership and approaches, Andrew is able to classify situations and compare them with different ways of approaches so as to determine the best approach to a business situation. His listening skills are quite excellent, and he gives a chance to his followers to speak their feelings, complains and submits reports. He expresses attentiveness or expressing excitement when listening to a follower. Andrew observes how the boards work differently as a result of the historical context of their implementation and achievement is very high. He said that as a leader, he always has the answers at hand to the questions he asks the board and the employees but asking them is a way to ensure that they know and do what is expected of them. How These Leaders Describe Their Conceptualization of Leadership As the CEO of Wesfarmers, Goyder watched over the agriculturally focused cooperative's transmutation to retail, excavating multinational which makes the Australia's biggest private sector workforce to boast. During his leadership, he has made the nation afford a big turnover by fighting against political self-interest groups and safely navigating the troubled waters of WA Inc. He also appreciates the role of the talented people in the company as useful ingredients alongside the suggested systems. One secret he holds is a generational alteration of employees whereby the younger and more trained employees are recruited to join the older employees or the retired ones or even the incompetent employees to ensure a continuous and a sure business success. His leadership skills make him foresee the potential in the farmers' co-operative of becoming an exceedingly powerful group as well as having numerous diversified streams of business. The investment potential in the Wesfarmers collection m otivated him as a business person and also identified a means to improve the morale of the staff. The report delivered on 2013 for Amcor Limited's Annual General Meeting indicated that the company had achieved a 15% reduction in the emission of GHG and a 10% reduction in water usage under Ken's leadership. This meant that the CEO was determined to secure an environment-friendly working place which also promoted the health of the employees and the public in general. His leadership skills were geared to engaging with the shareholders, and other individuals in a quest get to know their perspective in a better way and to create long-term value for them. A report said that his leadership had been worthwhile which contributed extraordinarily to create a further development opportunity to the company. Andrew uses the profit-arithmetic approach (PA) whereby he operates on the basis of processing information and data through a mental process so as to be able to differentiate between the profit levels and those that are not. This approach which relies mostly on the mind of the individual makes the CEOs to base their decision-making processes on the possibility of making profits rather than the image of the company. This means that he relies mostly on his knowledge of the company's strengths, weaknesses, resources and the company in general to make informed decisions and would sometimes depend on his sense of business especially when the level of uncertainty is quite high. Andrew believes that a "sense of business" is quite vital and that it helps him a great deal since he meets some of the situations which would be new to him such that he has no previous similar cases to base his decisions on. This necessitates him to call his minds into a meeting and come up with legit solutions bas ed on the situation at hand. How Each Leader Conceptualizes Success through their Leadership Goyder said that he made it easier to do most of the things in future. He has ensured that the culture of the company is transparent between the board and the seniormanagement such that information would not be filtered or altered anyhow without prior consent. He led the process of breaking down the business and putting it into a smaller divisional structure which is now the current operation making it easier to manage and oversee job performance. Apart from other qualifications, Goyder is one leader with a good financial management background which makes him win the trust of many clients both locally and internationally. He strives a lot to be transparent in all the transactions he made. These include the deals he booked and lost, the product plans, the amount of capital raised and the financial statements summary is presented in a clear manner. This ensures that no employee would complain about not knowing whatever was going on in the company or had no information regarding the financial position of the company and its progress. Goyder would only not disclose the information about the personnel re-org details and the payroll because such would be a personal information which needs privacy. This is a necessary effort to ensure that every employee knows how important they are in the company and how their efforts matter in positioning the company to higher heights of performance. He is also a leader who knows how to deal with p roblems as soon as they arise. As realized by the researchers, it is not possible to respect or trust a leader who in case of a crisis just lets the problematic person hang on, Goyder is always keen to address any operational issue in a fast and efficient manner before it bears numerous disadvantages. He is fair and consistent in his problem-solving hence building the followers' trust since he is a mindful and action leader. In his efforts, Ken Mackenzie showed strong leadership qualities by navigating the firm through a financial crisis in making some critical decisions to improve the returns of the shareholders. This enabled him to clean up the messes caused by the previous CEOs. In a span of four years in leadership, he made a significant reduction in costs across the business and a reducing down of the assortment through the partition of South 32. His financial intelligence is also outstanding hence earning him the trust of the clients the employees. He was able to understand the financial position and financial crisis and always worked hard to come up with a way of settling them. He ensured that the company had zero debts most of the times and in case there were some, the gap between the debts and the profits earned would be so big to lay down the company. He owned the budgeting skills that helped him in avoiding unnecessary debts and able to manage the company needs in an appropriate manner. Based on the previous pattern of leadership and approaches, Andrew is able to classify situations and compare them with different ways of approaches so as to determine the best approach to a business situation. His listening skills are quite excellent, and he gives a chance to his followers to speak their feelings, complains and submits reports. He expresses attentiveness or expressing excitement when listening to a follower. Critical Evaluation of How Each Leaders Practice of Leadership Impacts the Success of Their Respective Organizations Ken Mackenzie, had different approaches to leadership whereby he would be focused to complete the required tasks, accomplish the company's objectives, maintain the current situation of the firm and motivate his followers through agreements. This form of leadership is known as transactional leadership which also allows the followers to fulfill their desired interests, reduce work anxiety and focus on achieving the goals of the organization. He believed that his leadership should gratify both individual needs and the goals of the organization. His leadership was characterized by using his powers to give incentives to his followers so as to motivate them to deliver the best efforts of the organization. He was focused on ensuring that every day-day activities flowed smoothly rather than looking into guiding the company to attain a proper market position. He loved team-building activities as he believed they are good ways of understanding the individual talents of his followers. Having to engage in these teams also enabled him to gather more information from them as they would feel free when working together as teams. This also encouraged collaboration with the employees at different levels of work which enabled initiating change which helped a lot to improve performance and provide opportunities for professional and individual enhancement. This plays a great role in encouraging the employees and improving their job morale as they are meant to perceive work as a means of advancing themselves rather than just a means of getting pay. Richard Goyder was good at developing cohesion with his employees by calling regular meetings which would enable him to ask the employees questions of concern and enable him to get a relevant feedback. This would help him identify the gaps that need to be filled and the weaknesses that needed to be dealt with so as to keep the firm in profit-generating position and also maximize the outputs. He was able to handle all the details and point s of concern in a quest to develop a strong, detailed output in the fastest means possible and earn a market reputation hence improving the image of the firm. In conjunction to this, he would not hesitate to keep his employee's needs on the front line so as to motivate them to maintain high standards of productivity. His team-building skills enabled him to achieve more ambitious goals and achieve a rapid success due to his strong visions. He possessed the ability to design and communicate relevant decisions and change needed to implement strategic policies. He had excellent communication skills, and this helped him a lot in maintaining his good relationship with the other employees. One of the skills he possessed is the communication skills. He was able to communicate more in a visible and active manner when crises arose in the company. He was able to put himself in a direct contact with the people of the press and was able to contact news conferences. Andrew Mackenzie was able to communicate in public and having his views and decisions aired out to the public by the news people was a good catalyst to make the clients more confident of their products, and also the employees developed more trust and felt good being associated with him. When delivering a presentation, he was keen to ensure that he does it perfectly so as to avoid boring the audience. His presentation was one that no one would ever like to miss since he used to create jovial moods mixed up with humor to capture the attention of the audience. This skill also made him get the followers understand his message, analyze it well and also get to act on whatever he said. His ability to understand body language would also help him get to recruit the right candidates for the right positions since during interviews, he would be able to read the body language of the interviewees and understand it making him assess the honesty of the candidate. He would also tell whether whatever he is saying is making the audience comfortable or he is hurting them and whether the followers were confident with what they are saying. This would be advantageous especially during negotiations, conducting meetings and delivering speeches. However, he lacked the listening skills which are very vital in any form of communication. Identification of Organizational Issues faced by Ken Mackenzie Despite the great leadership qualities that these three leaders possessed, Ken had a weakness which afforded him some drawbacks. The leader is less in realistic optimism which means that he would daydream about innovative ideas which sounds great in theory or have his heads in the clouds while in reality, they lack world application. This makes him be curious about the future, and this blurs him from concentrating much on the current performance and the current issues. This makes him to lack confident in whatever he was doing for the company and unable to face many of the challenges that came his way and confront the difficulties faced by the company. Advice to the Leader on How to Address These Issues I would recommend that Ken combines an honest evaluation of the potential challenges of the companies with a positive attitude. This is to say that as he imagines of taking the company to greater achievements, he should also think of the possible challenges on the way and have a good mechanism for overcoming or handling them. For example, in cases of crisis, the CEO should embrace the situation with no fear knowing that every obstruction has got a way out regardless of the magnitude of the difficulty. He should maintain the events in proportion and should make intensive efforts to be able to celebrate his successes and those of others to expand his minds and get tips on how to achieve more from them. Conclusion and Recommendations Generally, the work of a CEO entails having the ability to lead tactfully and embracing different leadership skills to become effective as the success of any organization lies in the leadership skills of the CEO. The application of leadership theories by the three CEOs helpful in enhancing the success of the companies they manage. The trait theory of leadership argument that different leaders share similar traits which instinctively help them achieve organizational success. The ability to possess innate skills will help the leaders lead more effectively with the proper understanding of all the employees under their management. The behavioral theories of leadership focus on how these three leaders behave. The three leaders exemplary show commitment and expect cooperation from the subordinates and this enhances their democratic nature of leadership under which every employees idea is appreciated. This paper has discussed three CEOs of the prominent Australian companies and their approa ches to leadership which have enabled them to place the firms in a recognizable position internationally. The three leaders were all geared towards success and continuous development of their companies. However, their approaches in leadership were significantly different. Richard Goyder has been the CEO of Wesfarmers whereby he has made it grow from a small company to become among the top most companies in Australia based on his leadership skills. Further, the existing situations in these companies force the leaders to apply contingency theories of leadership. The fact that no best skill or style of leadership helps solve a problem, the use of path-goal theory and transactional leadership is required. Among them is the ability to remain transparent in his undertakings which helped him identify any possible path for further success. Ken Mackenzie also led packaging company called Amcor Limited Company as the CEO for ten years where he left a mark of having achieved a zero-injury work ing environment. His financial intelligence made him also achieve a zero debt state of the company. Andrew Mackenzie of Billiton Group made use of his company knowledge to make decisions which would maximize profit margins. However, his efforts to make the company shine the more, he would make unrealistic decisions at times which would affect the current performance of the company. Allowing himself to have a way of dealing with possible challenges would help him a lot to achieve more success both now and in future. Therefore, the three leaders must employ the use of trait, contingency, and behavioral theories of leadership in order to reap the fruits of success. The leaders must lead democratically by valuing the ideas of all subordinates staff since this motivates and improves their morale. Further, the leaders must learn how to understand different skills, knowledge, and expertise of their employees in order to facilitate the division of labor in accordance with each employees area of specialization. Further, the three leaders must learn how to make quick, accurate, and proper decisions that affect workplace operations guided by the contingency theories of leadership. Bibliography Berns, K. V., Klarner, P. (2017). A Review of the CEO Succession Literature and a Future Research Program.The Academy ofManagement Perspectives,31(2), 83-108. Press. Buyl, T., Boone, C., Hendriks, W., Matthyssens, P. (2011). Top management team functionalv diversity and firm performance: The moderating role of CEO characteristics.Journal of management studies,48(1), 151-177. Press. okpekin, ., Knudsen, M. P. (2012). Does organizing for creativity really lead to innovation?.Creativity and Innovation Management,21(3), 304-314. Press. Cummings, T., Knott, A. M. (2017). CEO Expertise and Innovation. Press. Elsaid, E., Ursel, N. D. (2011). CEO succession, gender and risk taking.Gender in Management: An International Journal,26(7), 499-512. Press. Friedman, H. H., Lewis, B. J. (2014). A new kind of CEO for the global information age. Press. Gerstein, M., Friedman, H. H. (2016). Rethinking higher education: Focusing on skills and competencies. Press. Giannetti, M. (2011). 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Sunday, November 24, 2019

Strategic Management and Business Policy, Global Strategic Management Wallace Group

Strategic Management and Business Policy, Global Strategic Management Wallace Group The Wallace Group is in need of a Board ofDirectors for their corporation. The board of directors hasan obligation to approve all decision that might affect thelong run performance of the corporation. Harold Wallacehas acted as a one man board of director, making all finaldecisions for the Wallace Group. The board of director'sresponsibilities is setting corporate strategy, overalldirection, mission, or vision. Hiring and firing the CEO andtop management. Controlling, monitoring, or supervisingtop management. Reviewing and approving the use ofresources and caring for shareholder interests. (Wheelen Hunger)The next important problem that the Wallace Groupis facing is the fact that they have never created orimplemented a strategic management. The role of the boardof directors in strategic management is to carry out threebasic tasks. The first if to monitor, by acting through itscommittees and to pay attention to developments inside andoutside the corporation and bringing these to the a ttentionof management.Wallace J. NicholsThe next would be to evaluate andinfluence management proposal, decisions, and actions;give advice and offer suggestions. The final is to initiateand determine, a board can delineate a corporation'smission and specific strategy.Strategic management is a technique you can use tocreate a favorable future and help your organization toprosper. To create this favorable future, you must involveyour organization's stakeholders (anyone with a vestedinterest in achieving your organization's goal) inenvisioning the most desirable future and then in workingtogether to make this vision a reality. The key to strategicmanagement is to understand that people communicatingand working together will create this future, not somewords written down on paper.Strategic management does not replace traditionalmanagement activities such as budgeting, planning,monitoring, marketing, reporting, and...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethics - Essay Example When decisions are made that result in the right consequences, then that is ethical; when decisions are made which result in the wrong consequences, then that is acting corruptly (Pollock, 2011). The term deontology draws from the Greek speech for duty and science of logos. In contemporary ethical viewpoint, deontology is one of those types of normative theories concerning which decisions are ethically required, prohibited, or permitted. In other terms, deontology descends within the sphere of moral premises that lead and review our decisions of what we must do (deontic hypotheses), in distinction to aretaic virtue theories) that at least show and assess what type of person we are and must be and within that sphere, deontologists those who pledge to deontological hypotheses of morality stand contrary to consequentialists. There are several inherent problems with using one or the other types of ethics in the sense that each type of ethics focuses on different parameters as a way of de termining ethical standard. Whereas the Teleological ethical systems focuses on the outcomes of consequences of decisions in determining whether they are ethical or not, deontological ethics, on the other hand, focus on the aspect of ethical requirements regarding what should be done and what should not be done. Therefore, the two ethical systems are different in application owing to their ethical bases and orientations. 2. What are some types of conduct that may be legal, but unethical? Advertising claims that will mislead people into buying a product or believing something about the product which is true is unethical though there are no legal constraints over such behavior (Samuelson & Beatty, 2010). In essence, marketing and advertising are areas which are legally recognized though their activities border on immoral actions, which compromise the values of business. Through marketing, the customer is made to believe certain things about the product that may not be true; that is le gal but immoral. The act of betraying a trusted companion or colleague is not illegal yet unethical in the sense that it goes against the values of fairness and human dignity. Basically, betrayal is not outlawed, and the law finds no offense in such acts yet on the practical basis betrayal is inherently immoral and unacceptable as behavior and goes against values. Through betrayal, a person creates unnecessary agony and suffering to the other person or people and violates their right to dignity among other rights making the act unethical. Engaging a competitor or partner in lengthy negotiations regarding a merger or joint venture when in reality there are no plans of doing so or simply for the sake of collecting information is unethical. Such conduct is unethical because it does not augur well with the other party and is aimed at collecting information to be used against the other partner in a competitive manner. However, such actions are perfectly legal and recognized by law as not being against the established statutes. 3. The American model of judicial selection vs. the civil law model of judicial selection. What are some ethical issues that may impact one system or the other, or both systems, for judicial selection or appointment? There are some ethical issues that may impact one system or the other, or both systems, for judicial selection or appointment (the American model of judicial selection and the civil law mod